30 June 2016

Top Best 50 Free Search Engine Submission Sites List 2016

Search Engine Main Part Of Internet Many Search Engine But Google is On Top.Web search engine is a software system that is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web.its work is Different.People Find Things with Keywords and Search Engine Provide Result.The search results are generally presented in a line of results often referred to as search engine results pages (SERPs). The information may be a mix of web pages, images, and other types of files.Top free search engine submission website list. Lets see These site help to your website visibility on top search engine.

Crawling : Search engines use search engine spider or web crawler to crawl the web. Crawling means to reach to every possible page on web to display in search results.it is Main Factor in Search Engine.
Indexing :Once search engine spider or web crawler crawls the web pages, it includes it in its database and index it according to keywords.Search Engine Index your Site and Pages After That it Show on Search Engine.
So it’s better to submit your content to search engine submission list to make sure that it can be crawled and indexed correctly and quickly.

Best Free Search Engine Submission Sites 2016

Google : https://www.google.com/webmasters/tools/submit-url
Bing : http://www.bing.com/toolbox/submit-site-url
Yandex :  http://webmaster.yandex.com/addurl.xml
Baidu :  http://zhanzhang.baidu.com/sitesubmit/index
Yahoo! Search : https://search.yahoo.com/info/submit.html
DMoz : http://www.dmoz.org/
Sogou :  http://www.add-url.fr/submit-url-to-sogou.htmlExalead : http://www.exalead.fr/search/web/submit/Gigs Blast : http://www.gigablast.com/addurlInfoTiger :-http://www.infotiger.com/addurl.htmlActiveSearchResults  :http://www.activesearchresults.com/addwebsite.php
ScrubTheWeb : http://www.scrubtheweb.com/addurl.html
EntireWeb : http://www.entireweb.com/free_submission/
Official : http://www.official.my/addurl.php
ExactSeek http://www.exactseek.com/add.html

Free Search Engine Submission Sites

1. http://www.excitedirectory.com/submit.php

2.http://www.1inspirationalquotes.com/
2. http://www.whatuseek.com/addurl.shtml
3. http://www.jayde.com/submit.html
4. http://www.exactseek.com/add.html
5. http://addurl.altavista.com/
6. http://www.scrubtheweb.com/addurl.html
7. http://www.anoox.com/add_for_indexing_free.php
8. http://searchsight.com/submit.htm
9. http://viesearch.com/submit
10. http://www.a1webdirectory.org/submit.php
11. http://search.sonicrun.com/freelisting
12. http://mastermoz.com/register.php
13. http://onemission.com/
14. http://www.somuch.com/submit-links/
15. http://www.ghetosearch.com/add-url.php
16. http://www.freeprwebdirectory.com/submit.php
17. http://www.webworldindex.com/
18. http://linkcentre.com/
19. http://www.directory-free.com/submit/submit.php
20. http://www.info-listings.com/submit.php
21. http://www.onlinesociety.org/submit.php
22. http://www.infotiger.com/addurl.html
23. http://www.elitesitesdirectory.com/
24 . http://www.surfsafely.com/urladd.html
25. http://www.piseries.com/
26. http://www.intelseek.com/add_url_form.asp
27. http://www.kiwidir.com/submit.php
28. http://www.submit.biz/
29. http://www.247webdirectory.com/submit.aspx
30. http://www.blackabsolute.com/submit.php
31. http://www.9sites.net/addurl.php
32. http://www.rdirectory.net/submit.php
33. http://www.nexusdirectory.com/submit.php
34. http://www.sitelistings.net/submit.php
35. http://www.amfibi.com/addurl/
36. http://www.priordirectory.com/submit.php
37. http://www.ezistreet.com/submit/
38. http://www.businessseek.biz/page.php?page=submission-policy
39. http://www.onemilliondirectory.com/submit.php
40. http://www.illumirate.com/
41. http://www.synergy-directory.com/submit.php
42. http://www.gigablast.com/addurl
43. http://www.gainweb.org/submit.php
44. http://www.directoryfire.com/submit.php
45. http://www.triplewdirectory.com/submit.php
46. http://polypat.org/submit.php
47. http://www.towersearch.com/addurl.php
48. http://www.splatsearch.com/submit.html
49. http://addurl.amfibi.com/
50. http://www.ghetosearch.com/add-url.php
51. http://www.feedplex.com/add-url.php
52. http://www.claymont.com/asublegacy.asp
53. http://www.boitho.com/addyourlink.htm.en
54 . http://www.submissionwebdirectory.com/submit.php
55 . http://www.synergy-directory.com/submit.php
56 . http://www.onlinesociety.org/submit.php
57 . http://www.gainweb.org/submit.php
58 . http://www.intelseek.com/add_url_form.asp
59 . http://www.obln.org/submit.php
60 . http://www.priordirectory.com/submit.php
61 . http://www.cipinet.com/submit.php
62 . http://www.directoryint.com/
63 . http://linkpedia.net/submit.php
64 . http://www.snapcc.org/submit.php
65 . http://www.yoofindit.com/cgi-bin/add.cgi
Hope it will Helpful for you.if you Know Please Share with us via Comment.Give Your Feed Back. Thank you.

How To Grow a New Website to Over 100,000 Organic Visits Per Month

by Nick · 734 Comments Follow me on Twitter

in Content Strategy, SEO, User Growth

Growing A New Website to 100,000+ Organic Visitors Per Month In Less Than 1 Year

This is a case study on how I built a website that receives over 100,000 visitors per month, in less than 1 year, without spending $1 on advertising.

This was done 100% through SEO and content strategy.

Before we dive in, allow me to clarify a few things:

The website reached over 100,000 visitors in 9 months.
This was a new domain, registered just a couple months before launch.
This was done in a language I do not read nor speak (Japanese).
Japanese is a non-roman character language, making it nearly impossible to use most of the popular SEO tools.

The purpose of this post is to walk you through precisely how my team and I reached this milestone, the approach we took, and show how technical SEO combined with content strategy can deliver serious results.

Table of Contents [hide]

Key Drivers of Traffic Growth

There were a few key elements that led to the widespread and sustained growth of the project, these range from commonsense to technical, but come down to three main focus areas:

Math – we took a mathematical approach to designing an evaluation model that would allow us to gauge opportunities based on their potential returns. Ultimately this led to the creation of what we now call our keyword opportunity evaluation, which is a financial model that measures the approximate output (traffic) based on a finite set of inputs, including elements like average DA, number of links / linking domains, age of site, content footprint, etc.
Analysis – Using our newly built algorithm we got to testing, creating websites to test content patterns and architecture. We were quick to declare defeat within verticals without traction, and paid close attention to where the traffic was growing the most. The algorithm started to take shape and after roughly 3 months was able to identify within an order of magnitude the amount of traffic we could acquire for a given set of costs.
Pumpkin Hacking – This is a term that I came across (thank you Peter Da Vanzo) that seems to describe exactly what we did to continue to grow our traffic by double and even triple digits, month after month. The core concept is simple; focus resources on building what works. What this meant for us was paying attention to the search verticals and content that received the most traffic, most comments, most social shares, and being quick to cut the cord on traffic that didn’t perform.

First Month After Launch

With zero promotion and no advertising, we had a decent first month, bringing in over 2,000 visitors. This was mostly due to our pre-launch strategy – which I’ll explain more later in this post.

Nine Months After Launch

After only 9 months we were 3 months ahead of schedule to pass 100,000 visitors with no signs of slowing down.

Do you want to get traffic results like these for your website?
Get a free SEO quote for your website »

Traffic Sources

As you can see in the screenshot above, organic search drives the most significant portion of our traffic. Referral traffic is almost entirely from blogs and industry publications, and campaigns is representative of the ads that we place, only on our website, to test different language and call to actions to drive conversions.

Building a Keyword Database

This is an obvious no-brainer for all SEO’s, however, unlike most search campaigns – this was a big keyword database, to the tune of 50,000 keywords.

The main idea here was leave no stone un-turned. Since we were of the mind to test everything and let the performance metrics dictate where to allocate resources, we had to get creative with query combinations.

We first went through all of our target search verticals, as dictated by our chosen go-to-market categories, which I think was roughly 19 to start. The next step was to identify the top 100 highest search volume terms within those verticals and scrape the top 100 URL’s that were currently ranking.

From here we began what started out as an exhaustive process of evaluating the opportunities for each keyword, and then aggregating opportunities to discern which categories we needed to focus on to grow traffic.

Essentially we targeted the low-hanging fruit; keywords identified by our model that could generate a minimum level of traffic in 3 months or less, with a minimum investment in content development.

I watched (obsessively) which phrases and topics generated the most traffic.

As soon as a topic began to grow legs, we would focus additional keyword research on finding concepts and phrases that were both complimentary and contextually relevant.

Designing a Content Strategy

This is the single hardest part of any content-focused website or project.

The key to success on this particular project was taking a page out of Jeff Bezos’ book, and becoming obsessed with our cus~~tom~~ers.

We not only embarked on an aggressive a/b testing schedule, but we constantly reached out to our users for feedback.

We asked tough questions, ranging from what users’ liked and disliked (colors, fonts, and layouts) but also the specific components of the website they found to be less than ideal or even ‘sub-par.’

We took the responses seriously, making changes as they came in, trying to take something constructive from every piece of feedback, and pushing as many as 10 deployments a week.

It started to work.

Once we saw the needle begin to move on our user engagement metrics; time on site, pages per visit, and direct or branded traffic, we moved onto the next phase of our strategy; analyzing our audience.

Targeting the right audience is so much harder than it sounds.

I can honestly say from the experience of working on this project it is almost never as it seems. We began with targeting a very large segment of users (remember that time I talked about a keyword database of over 50,000 keywords?) but after a few months it turned out our largest (and most active) users were finding us from only a handful of targeted categories.

Information Architecture with SEO in Mind

Please allow me to preface this by saying that I am bias; in my opinion the architecture of a website is critical to achieving SEO success.

My largest successful SEO projects have come due to a variety of factors, but tend to come down to 3 core components of architecture:

It’s Scalable
It’s Crawlable
It’s Tiered

Scalable architecture is an obvious one; you need a system that can grow as large as you want/need it to.

Crawlable is nothing new to anyone in SEO; this simply means that the structure of our pages allowed for all of the most important content to quickly and easily be crawled and indexed by search engine robots. It actually sounds easier than it is… ensuring that the content is rendered (code wise) in the most ideal format for robots to parse takes more consideration than just laying out your div’s to properly render your designs.

To do this properly you need to make sure all of your code is in the right place, and more so, check how each crawler sees your page.

Take every opportunity to DRY out your code as much as possible, remember modern code is designed to cascade for a reason.

Information tiering… is a concept I have long-time preached to anyone who has ever talked with me, at length, about SEO. It means that your URL architecture should be built in a way so authority flows upwards through your directories.

For example, if I wanted to build authority around a core concept, I would focus my domain on that concept. If I then wanted to build relevance around specific locations for that concept, I would structure my URL’s so that all relevant content for that location fed upwards to a location specific directory.

So let’s say I had an SEO consulting firm with locations in several cities across the U.S., I would design an architecture that would allow for location-specific information to feed upwards through my directories.

So something like NicksSEOFirm.com/Philadelphia/Specific-Location-Content. The specific location content could be the team, any value-add competencies, anything geo-specific that was relevant to operations at that location, flowing relational authority upwards to the parent directory of /Philadelphia/.

Link in sub-directories can feed authority to parent directories.

A perfect example of this is local sitelinks for popular categories; tertiary directories with the most links and content which cause their upstream sub-directories to receive authority translating into higher rankings and local sitelinks.

Click to Enlarge

Launch Before The Launch

The easiest way to ensure a successful product or website launch is to launch before you actually launch.

What I mean is to build your prospect list well in advance of pulling the trigger to go live.

John Doherty wrote a great post on ProBlogger that talks about the power of leveraging list-building pre-launch pages. By building a list of users before publishing your full website you are essentially guaranteeing traffic immediately upon launch.

Our pre-launch is how we were able to generate over 2,000 visitors within the first 30 days of taking the website live.

Since our platform is not built on WordPress we didn’t get to use any of the fancy plugins available, and instead created a basic one-page site that allowed visitors to convert the same way the full website would support, just on a much smaller scale.

The most important part of our pre-launch page was that it not only supported social sharing, but was able to track and aggregate shares to give active users more points; gamification is cool.

Some of the major benefits of a well planned pre-launch are:

Your website is already being crawled and indexed by major search engines.
You begin building your user base and audience.
You can gain invaluable feedback while it’s still easy to make changes.

Choosing a Platform

Let me start by saying not all platforms are created equal.

It’s also worth sharing that it is not always better to build versus buy, as there are a lot of smart people building a lot of slick content platforms.

However, we chose to build.

Once we had laid out all of the project requirements, including URL architecture, conversion funnels, user permissioning, design templating, and localization, it became clear that in order to get exactly what we needed – we were going to have to build it ourselves.

One major benefit of building is we were able to design a system that would support both our internal and external processes right out of the gate. This also meant it was going to take a lot more time and a shitload more money to bring our website to market.

Hosting & Evolution

This is a known but rarely talked about factor – hosting infrastructure is critical.

Once we were ready for public launch we setup chose a reasonably affordable VPS provider with what seemed like more than enough memory, and it was at first.

By month 4 it was clear we were going to have to make some changes; load times began to bloat and large content pages were timing out. We beefed up the space and quadrupled the memory, which solved the problem temporarily until…

We got some press.

On June 5th we were featured by one of the largest news publications in the world. We were able to handle almost 40,000 visits before out VPS crashed, hard.

It was that week we made the move to localized cloud hosting from Amazon Web Services.

We haven’t crashed since.

The End Result

Not really the end result since this project is still enjoying a healthy and fruitful life, but after 9 months of careful planning, remaining flexible to the marketplace, and nurturing our most valued asset; our users, we surpassed our milestone of 100,000 visitors.

Great, But Is It Repeatable?

In case you weren’t already thinking it, you are now.

The answer is Yes.

Taking what we learned and applying the concept of pumpkin hacking, we started a new blog at the end of July 2012 to test the transferability of our strategy, and here were the results:

In the first 12 days we had over 17,000 visitors. In the first full month, we had over 50,000 unique visitors coming to the website over 100,000 times (see below).

And it didn’t slow down…

By the end of the 3rd month we were receiving over 100,000 unique visitors, and over 200,000 visits.

Benchmark And Grow

One of the best ways to get started on your path to increasing your site’s organic traffic is to understand how much traffic potential is within your vertical, and to benchmark against it.

Start by looking at the top 5 sites that rank for the big head terms you’re targeting, and get a read on their traffic. To do this I like to use similarweb.com’s web traffic tool. It provides a good relative measure of a website’s traffic, sources, and some detailed data on where this traffic is coming from – and best of all, it’s free!

Conclusion

This is very possible.

You have to keep in mind though- this is not easy if you don’t have a specialized team by your side, that knows what they’re doing and when to adjust the strategy.

With careful planning, an SEO focused content strategy, and an understanding of the power of information architecture – you can grow a new website to over 100,000 organic visitors per month in less than 1 year.

Want similar results to happen to your site? Request a free SEO quote now!

Following this case study I also wrote about lead generation using contests.

Please share your thoughts, feelings, and questions in the comments below.

Thanks for reading.

free ways to get more visitors to your web site

Free ways to get more visitors to your web site

Do you want free traffic to your website? Are there any other sources besides Google that can bring visitors to a web site? The answer is yes and these 9 methods (the 10th method is Google) describe what you need to do to live on-line without complete reliance on Google search traffic.

1. Optimize your web site for Google

Let’s start with Google so that it gets out of our way. I am sure that you all agree that the best and hardest way to get free traffic is by optimizing your web site for Google. Google holds more than 70% of search engine market share and a place in one of the top positions of Google search is a great source of free traffic. The problem is that the competition is huge so you need to have a great web site both in terms of content and SEO if you want to take a part of the pie.

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What you can do? SEO Audit your web site to make sure that it is well optimized for Google and publish good quality content on a regular basis.

Ok, now that Google is out of the picture, let’s see from which other sources you can get free traffic.

2. Don’t forget about Yahoo and Bing

Yahoo and Bing may not have the market share of Google but a top position in either Bing or Yahoo can bring in a good number of visitors. I have web sites that rank on the first positions for popular keywords on both Google and Bing and although the traffic I get from Bing is ¼ of what I get from Google it is still a good source of free traffic.

What you can do? The first action you need to take is register with Bing Webmaster tools and submit your website. The process is similar to Google webmaster tools; if you are not sure what to do you can read this tutorial. Second, you need to be active in Facebook and Twitter. Bing and Yahoo take into account (in their ranking algorithm) the number of Facebook likes and Tweets so the more likes and tweets your pages have, the greater are the chances of ranking higher in Bing and Yahoo.

3. Add your web site to the Chrome web store

The chrome web store is a fantastic source of free traffic and yet many webmasters are not taking advantage of it. It is very easy to add your web site to the Chrome Store and the traffic you can get is free and continuous. If you are not familiar of the chrome web store read my previous post which also includes a case study on traffic gains.

What you can do? Simply spend 10 minutes of your time, follow the instructions in this tutorial and register your website with the Chrome web store. It’s easy and the results in terms of visitors are immediate.

4. Create a mobile version of your web site

More and more users are searching the web using their mobile phones. The numbers of mobile searches are increasing dramatically and you just can’t ignore them. Recent studies show that 28% of mobile searches are converting within an hour so it is very important to provide for a mobile optimized version as well.

What you can do? Mobilise your web site! Creating a mobile version is not very difficult. You can either use a plugin (if you are on WordPress) or a dedicated service. Howtogomo (a website by Google) has all the information you need (including information on how to go mobile).

5. Create an Android native app and publish it to the Google Play Store

Do you know that there are more than 1,300,000 new android users per day? What does this means in terms of traffic? You can create an android app and publish it to the Google Play store, users will download your app and some will visit your website. I am a big fun of this method for getting free traffic and it works very well. Read my post mobile web site vs native app for some real case studies.

What you can do? Hire a developer or find a service (like appyet.com) to create an android application for your website and publish it to the Google Play store.

6. Create an android app and publish to the Amazon store

Amazon had great success with Kindle and they decided to create their own application store (Amazon appstore). The concept is the same as described above with publishing an application on Google Play store. You create a free app and publish on the Amazon store. People download the app and some of those users will visit your web site to get more information.

What you can do? If you have already created your android app, you can publish on Amazon appstore as well.

7. Guest post on high traffic web sites

Many people believe that guest posting is about getting links but this shouldn’t be the case. The main reason of why you should guest post to another website is the traffic benefits and not getting a link pointing to your website. A guest post on a trusted website may rank high as well and this will create a steady flow of free traffic to your site.

What you can do? Forget everything you know about guest posting for links and instead make a list of high traffic web sites in your niche. Find out who the editors of these web sites are and follow them on Twitter, Facebook and Google+. Try to connect with them in every valid way you can and when the time is right pitch them with your guest post idea. I know it’s not easy but you should also know that the easy way of guest posting will get you into trouble.

8. Keep your content fresh

‘Keep it fresh and keep it relevant’, this was Google’s reply on the importance of having fresh content on your website. New content can get you more free traffic either through more loyal visitors (people will come back to check if you have published new content), more social media mentions or more organic visits (search engines will crawl your website more often).

What you can do? First you need to create a publishing schedule and stick to it and second try to publish good content that will make your readers to come back again.

9. Engage with Social media (Twitter, Facebook, Google+, Pinterest, Stumbleupon, YouTube, LinkedIn)

Social media platforms are getting popular day by day and if you don’t have a clear strategy of what you want to achieve, you many end up losing your time without having a real benefit. In my opinion the best social media platforms in terms of traffic are Facebook, Twitter, Google+, Pinterest, Stumbleupon, YouTube and LinkedIn.

What you can do? If you don’t have a presence in ALL the above channels, make sure that you start using them. You many need to spend some time figuring out how each platform works but they are proven ways to get free visitors to your website. Read these 2 posts for more information: How to promote your blog posts and how to SEO you social media profiles.

RECOMMENDED FOR YOU:
Running a WordPress website? Then download this how to guide and learn how to optimize your website like a Pro.

10. Post a presentation on slideshare.net

Have you heard of slideshare.net? If not go and check it out. Basically it is a website where you can upload and share a presentation. The good news about Slideshare is that it has a lot of traffic so if you make a good presentation it will be seen by thousands of people and some of them will visit your website as well.

What you can do? Create a free account with Slideshare and create an interesting and appealing presentation. Don’t get disappointed if you don’t succeed from the beginning. You may have to try a couple of times before you create a presentation that will get many views.

How To Earn $100 A Day With Google AdSense

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Earning $100, $200 or even $300 per day with Google AdSense can be done from a home office. Many website owners are doing it. The only thing you need is planning, work, determination, and passion about your topic or niche.

Term Definitions

Before diving into the exact process, here's some terminology for better understanding of Google AdSense.

AdSense: AdSense is when you place Google Ads on your website, and when a visitor from your website clicks on an ads, Google pays you 68% of what the advertiser pays them. It's free to sign up.

CTR: Your ad Click-Through Rate is the number of ad clicks divided by the number of individual ad impressions. Suppose you are showing 3 AdSense ads on every page of your website, 1 page view is equal to 3 ad impressions.

CTR = Clicks / Ad Impressions X 100

Suppose, you get 5 clicks out of 500 ad impressions, your CTR would be 1% (5/500X100).

CPC: Cost Per Click is the revenue you earn each time a visitor clicks on your ad. CPC is determined by the advertisers. In some competitive niches like finance, marketing, online products etc. advertisers may be willing to pay more per click than others.

CPM: CPM means “Cost Per 1000 Impressions.”

Sometimes advertisers opt for CPM ads instead of CPC and set their price for 1000 ad impressions. And they pay each time their ads appear on any website.

What It Takes To Make $100 A Day With AdSense

When your CTR is 1% and your average CPC is $0.25. it’s quite achievable to make $100 dollars a day, and lots of people are doing it. Let's assume that a Page View = An Ad Impression.

To make $100 everyday you need 40,000 Page Views/day Or, 400 Clicks a day @ 1% CTR and $0.25 CPC. For 40,000 Page Views you have to produce 500 awesome articles on your website. These pages must attract at least 80 or more page views everyday.

These articles can be as little as 300 words. Always include a YouTuble video on every article page you create. Many people writing a book, can simply write their book on their website and make money simply by writing it. You can also get your visitors to contribute their story ideas. This gets you free content and engages your followers.

Apart from CPC, you will also earn from your CPM ad impressions. Irrespective of any niche, the average CPM earning is $1 to $1.5 per 1,000 impressions. You can make $40 to $60 per day from 40,000 page views.

You can also sell your Ad space directly or via BuySellAds.com, and generate $6,000 Per Month on an average from 40,000 page views. Check out how webmasters are making $6,000 to $8,000 Per Month from BuySellAds with forty thousand page views per day. So your daily earning will be $200 (6000/30=200).

A niche website with high quality articles works well with affiliate marketing. You can might be able to earn $40 to $80/day from affiliate selling with correct implementation and execution.

Now your total earning per day is $100 + $40 + $200 +$40 = $380 from CPC, CPM, Direct Ad Sell, Affiliate Marketing for 40,000 page views per day. I’ve taken the lowest possible earnings from all the 4 sources.

$380 per day means $11,400 per month (380X30= 11,400) Or, $136,800 per year (11,400X12=136,800).

When deciding to be in the 'Creating Content Business' your desired earning of $100 per day from Google AdSense is achievable. 1,000s of people are making money by writing articles, and you can do it too, when you are Focused!

P.S. The above results can be possible if you produce at least 200 to 250 great articles or blog posts per year for 2 years. So how much traffic you actually need to make $100 per day from Google AdSense – It’s way less than 40,000 Page Views Per Day!

29 June 2016

Social Issues In India

Tobacco Smoking in India

Tobacco smoking is already a major health problem in India and one that will worsen unless we act. Smoking alone is estimated to cause nearly 10 lakh deaths a year in India. About 1/3rd of Indian men now smoke; the number of women who smoke is lower but the health risks are just as dangerous for both. 70% of deaths from tobacco use occur during middle age when people are still in the most productive part of their lives and not in the old age.

Chewing tobacco products such as gutka is common in India. Chewing causes over half of the deaths from oral cancers and women are especially hard hit. More young people are now chewing and pre-cancerous conditions such as mouth lesions are increasing among youth.

Fact 1: Chewing is common among men and women all over. In India 31% men and 19% women chew tobacco products and the percentage of people chewing in Bihar is much higher with 69% men and 22% women addicted to tobacco products. Tobacco use by pregnant women leads to low birth weight babies,still births and birth defects.

Fact 2: Chewing is more common among the poorest as per Global Adult Tobacco Survey India 2010.About 30% of poorest,25% of middle income group and only 15% of higher income group people chew tobacco products.

Fact 3: Women who chew tobacco have especially high risks of dying from oral cancer.3.8% of women in the age –group 30-69 years face relative risk of dying from chewing than 1.5% of men. The relative risk of dying from oral cancer is greater among women but men have higher background death rates so the absolute risks are more equal.

In Kishanganj 1,00,000 men in the age-group 15-69 years smoke of these 50,000 will be killed by smoking.70% will die during their productive years of 15-69 while 30% will die in the old age. More men about 59% smoke in Bihar in 2015 then previous years.612 lakh men who smoke cigarettes lose 10 years of life where as 687 lakh men who smoke bidis lose 6 years of life.

The usage of tobacco is not just costing lives but it is imposing economic burdens on our country’s health care systems that force health facilities to spend a great share of their precious resources in treating largely preventable diseases. Tobacco use also costs individual families as the cost of treatment for serious diseases like cancer or stroke can push families into poverty.

Tobacco use pushes 28,000 people into poverty every year in Kishanganj.Tabacco costs the district Rs. 11 crore every year. Police have an important role in the implementation of tobacco control laws. Of 1000 policemen who smoke 350 will be killed by tobacco at ages 15-69 a staggering figure.

Smoking cessation is the single most important action smokers can take to improve their health and lengthen their lives. But quit rates in India are very low at 5%. Quitting by age 40 and preferably earlier, avoids nearly all the risks. After quitting within 12 hours carbon dioxide levels decrease and oxygen levels increase. Within 3 months, heart attack risk drops and lung functions improve. Within 1 year, risk of sudden heart attack is cut in half and within 5 years risk of cancer of the mouth, throat, esophagus and bladder is halved.

Section 4 of the Cigarettes and other Tobacco Products Act (COTPA) prohibits smoking in public places defined as any place to which the public have access whether as of right or not, but does not include any open space. Smoking is also prohibited at open spaces that are visited by the public like open auditoriums, stadiums, railway stations, bus stops and other such places. Individuals smoking in a public place are liable to pay a fine of up to Rs 200.

Source : Ministry of Health and Family Welfare ( Govt of India)

Child Marriage in India - Latest Data

Since time immemorial, child marriage has been one of the greatest evils plaguing India. Marriage is a sacred relationship between two individuals who are ready to accept each other. Child marriage is an abuse of such union and is not permitted by law in India. History has always proven child marriage detrimental for our society.

The recent statistics released by the Government of India on married Indian women show 31.3% Hindu women and 30.6% Muslim women marry before the age of 17.6% of all Hindu women married before turning 10.The corresponding figure for Muslim women was 5%. Only 6% of men were married before 18.

The legal age for marriage is 18 for women and 21 for men. Any marriage below the legal age is considered child marriage. One in three married women from Hindu and Muslim communities got married before their 18th birthday making them vulnerable to not just higher maternal mortality rates but also domestic violence. Studies show girls who give birth before turning 15 and the infants of child mothers are at greater risk. Underage marriages interrupt education and most child brides are unable to negotiate with their family members making them liable to domestic violence.

The 2001 census found 43% of women were married before 18 years of age. In 2011 the figure stood at 18%. The proportion of women married before 18 years between 2001 and 2011 was 20%.

India has been unable to enforce the law that was first enacted by the British in 1929.The Child Marriage Restraint Act fixed the age of marriage for girls at 14 and boys at 18 years. It was last raised to 18 years for girls in 2006.In 2014 police registered only 280 cases across the country under the 2006 Prohibition of Child Marriage Act. Of the 103 cases decided by courts the same year convictions were secured in only 15 or 14.6% cases.

Only laws and law enforcing agencies will not prove instrumental in reducing and eventually eradicating child-marriages. The mindset of the society has to be targeted in order to create a world free of such evils. Citizens will have to actively participate in spreading awareness regarding this practice and by abiding to the existing restrictions imposed by the government. Girl child has to be given equal opportunities and right education to safeguard themselves from such practices and rise in the society. The journey of gender equality will only be completed once practices like child marriages; female feticides violence against women are eradicated.

According to the report ‘Why Children Commit Offences’ published by Delhi Commission for Protection of Child Rights (DCPCR) in June 2015 focused on children in conflict with the law in Delhi. The report looks at multiple issues like the socio-economic profile of children with a criminal record, the nature of offence that these children were accused of and analyzed the factors that push children towards deviant behavior. The report highlighted the role of the family, the community, the school and education as well the peer influence. The report after studying 182 children in observation homes, special homes found that poverty is one of the biggest contributing factor in children taken to crimes. Most of the children had undergone multiple deprivations with low economic households, uneducated parents; disrupted families. The children were dropouts and working independently to support their families.

Juvenile Crimes in India

In recent years India has seen manifold increase in crimes committed by minors. While analyzing the factors responsible for the spurt in crime rate the experts believe that the rural-urban conflict is at the core of these crimes in cities especially underage crimes. The largely rural and semi urban background of most of the offenders point to that direction. According to the researchers these young people are not benefitting from the economic reforms in comparison to the educated and professional counterparts in the cities. They feel neglected, frustrated and distressed which leads to crimes such as murder etc. An increase in number of rural people migrating to cities in search of better life opportunities however do not prepare them for the urban value system. The children are often neglected, as both parents are working and unable to spend time with them. The children do not get the attention and right values essential for upbringing.

2011 Provisional Census Figures of Kishanganj

India is one of the developing countries that is grappling through the trade-off between development and environment. India’s annual growth rate, which is approximately 6% led by industrial and manufacturing sectors, come at the cost of industrial pollution. India has not been successful in carving a sustainable path that leads to development (sustainable development means “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs"[WCED 1987]). India’s developmental policies have resulted in degraded soils, depletion of water tables, increased floods, desertification, waterlogging and salinity, pollution of water and air, loss of biodiversity. This essay aims to analyze the effectiveness of environmental regulations implemented by the Indian Government in Delhi, home to 18 million people because Delhi as it is among the 10 most polluted cities of the world. Delhi is one of the cities where the average total suspended particulate levels (SPL) are five times the safe level as mentioned by World Bank in their development research study in 1991-4. A report by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, India, in 1997 reviewed that 3000 metric tons of air pollutants were emitted every day in Delhi, with a major contribution from vehicular pollution (67%), followed by coal-based thermal power plants (12%). Further, the carbon monoxide concentration increased by 92% from 1989 to 1996. Delhi has the highest cluster of small-scale industries in India that contribute to 12% of air pollutants along with other industrial units. Vehicular pollution and industrial emissions are two most significant contributors to the pollution in Delhi. The World Health Organization mentioned in its report in 2011 that “Delhi has exceeded the maximum PM10 limit (level of suspended particles is one of the main indicators of respiratory health) by 10 times at 198 μg/m3”. It can be gathered from the information provided above that Delhi’s domestic environmental conditions are bad and getting worse. However, the Indian government has made great strides towards improving the air quality especially in Delhi. A number of policy instruments have been employed in Delhi to control and abate pollution; however, major reformations such as switch to compressed natural gas, introduction of metro and such policies regarding air and vehicular pollution had been done 2003 onwards as the ruling Congress government for Delhi state mentioned that improving air quality was one of the points on their agenda.

The first initial step towards curbing air pollution was taken by the Locals (people living in Delhi). A local delhiite (people living in Delhi) called Mehta, concerned about rising levels of air pollution and lack of initiative by the Indian government, filed a petition and demanded the Supreme Court to implement the Air Act of 1981 in Delhi. The Air Act was just a petition to put pressure on the government to take action regarding the rising levels of air pollution in Delhi. The act demanded that government “lay down standards for the quality of air’, to ‘advise the Central Government on any matter concerning the improvement of the quality of air and the prevention, control, or abatement of air pollution’, and to ‘perform such other functions as may be prescribed’ (Kiran Dingra Affidavit, 1996). The petition led to the Supreme Court directing the Delhi administration to file an affidavit specifying the steps it had taken to reduce air pollution which was an impressive step taken by the Indian Supreme Court knowing decentralized corruption and lack of structure in the institution. After Mehta’s petition to the court, several new environmental laws were enacted, as were policies to curtail tailpipe emissions from vehicles and to move polluting industries from Delhi. However, as expected, these policies were rarely implemented and there was no evidence of a comprehensive plan to tackle the growing problem of air pollution. Disappointed public put more pressure on the government, which led to the implementation of 1986 Environment (Protection) Act, the Motor Vehicles Act of 1988, and the Central Motor Vehicle Rules of 1989. These Acts both set standards to for vehicular emissions for manufacturers and users and owners were obligated to maintain their vehicles so that they would not emit smoke, visible vapor, grit, sparks, or ashes (Agarwal et al., 1996). This led to establishment of a committee by Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) in Delhi in 1991, which recommended vehicular mass emissions standards for 1995 and 2000 (Anon., 1996). However, studies show that these efforts didn’t bring about any change in air quality. Professor Mathur, a professor at Indian Institute of Technology, found that the Delhi traffic police prosecuted 2.5 times more vehicles emitting excessive exhaust in 1990 than in 1987. The data collected by IIT 1997 shows that of the total 3000 metric tonnes of pollutants released daily 66% is from vehicles and the contribution of vehicular pollution has increased from 43% in 1981 and to 63% in 1993 (World Wide Fund, 1995) in Delhi. In 1990, the central government implemented a penalty of 1000 Indian Rupees on vehicle owners that break the pollution rule; however, this method failed. It was difficult to monitor the vehicles that broke the pollution rule because there were insufficient service station to install equipment to measure vehicular exhaust (The Sentinel, 1990). Despite the push from the court to develop comprehensive policies, the executive branches did little to implement these policies in mid-1990s. As a result, there was a rapid increase in the pollution levels between 1989-96, where 1996 was considered the peak year (Jaiseelan 2006).

In search for concrete solution to increasing air pollution, the Delhi government passed the Motor Vehicles Amendment Act to promote the used of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG). CNG is mainly comprised of methane, which upon combustion mainly emits CO2 and H2O and disperses very quickly since it is lighter. CNG was introduced for three reasons: it polluted less, cost less, and was more widely available in the country than petrol or diesel. Motorists that used CNG, solar power and such alternative fuels weren’t required to obtain permits from the state transport authorities. The Supreme Court on 1998, ordered all commercial public transportation such as buses, taxis, and three-wheelers to switch to CNG gas. The largest-ever CNG switch was for more than 1,00,000 vehicles. In the early 2000s this resulted in some decrease in particulate matter (PM) pollution, with the largest improvement coming from retrofitting about 3,000 diesel buses. All the buses of Delhi were converted to run on CNG by the end of 2002. The results suggest that the conversion of buses from diesel to CNG has helped to reduce PM10, CO, and SO2 concentrations but led to an increase in NO2. The reduction in the sulfur content of fuel appears to have helped reduce air pollution by reducing PM10 and SO2 concentrations. However, on the flip side, three-wheelers that that use CNG lead to an increase in NO2 and PM10. Although the switch to CNG gas led to notable changes in air quality 5-8 years after the implementation, there are some drawbacks. Using CNG gas wasn’t economically efficient because the government forced all the commercial public transport to switch to use a single technology, in this case the CNG gas. At some stages, there were not enough filling stations pumping CNG gas to meet the growing consumer demand. Even though The Energy Research Institute (TERI) argued for a multiple fuel policy where the vehicle owners can decide which alternative fuel they would like to use and World Bank expressed its concerns regarding CNG gas, warned about the importance of favorable fuel-pricing policies, and the dangers of retrofitting older vehicles, the Indian environmental regulators pushed for CNG gas. In Indian environmental regulators defense, they were fully aware of other approaches regarding vehicular pollution and had tested a number of them; however, there weren’t any positive results. Economies of introducing new technology caused vehicle owners to make substantial investments such as wanting to switch to CNG gas and hence, there was a lot of friction in the change. Secondly, the Central Pollution Control Board and the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways set up the Pollution Under Control Program (PUC) to identify the most heavily polluting vehicles (using CNG gas) that may need to be repaired or retired. This program was inefficient because it was difficult to monitor. The PUC tests were easily manipulated and it was really easy to bribe the tester. Moreover, the PUC test determines which vehicles are old and need to be banned. It may have been more efficient to identify which vehicles are the worst polluters and charge extra fine. Lastly, switching to CNG was a great initiative for a country that imports 70% of its oil because it decreases India’s dependence on foreign oil and allows India to save valuable foreign exchange. Another major method to curb vehicular pollution was the introduction of metro. A metro was built that covered 245 kilometers in total. Although the main motivation behind the introduction of metro was to control traffic congestion, it has also resulted in decrease in vehicular pollution in Delhi. Although hard to imagine, there has been a reduction in the pollutants concentration in Delhi. Significant improvements resulted as average of 42mg/m3 of Sulphur Dioxide in 1996 decreased to 18mg/m3 by 2005. The NO2 levels decreased by 21.8 % & 19.6 % in the year 2006 & 2007 respectively. The annual mean SO2 levels in Delhi satisfy the annual average of National Ambient Air quality Standards for residential areas, which is 60 mg/m3. Sonam Gupta, a member of Food and Resource Economics Department at University of Florida mentioned “"Looking at each extension of the rail network as a separate event, it has resulted in three to 47 per cent reduction in NO2 concentration, and a 31 to 100 per cent reduction in CO concentration [both CO and NO2 are harmful pollutants that also contribute to global warming].” A research done by Delhi School of Economics iterates that the research found that the level of CO in the area around ITO, a busy intersection in Delhi, has fallen by at least 35 per cent. Although the annual average levels of Carbon Monoxide continue to be above the safe mark of 2,000 mg/m3, there has been a gradual decline. The observed concentration of CO came down from 4183 mg/m3 in Year 2006 to 3258 mg/m3 in year 2008. Furthermore, findings from a research done by Delhi School of Economics suggest that the Delhi Metro has encouraged people to switch from private to public mode of travel resulting in positive effects on air quality in the city. However, although these findings are significant, the researcher admits that one main caveat that should be kept in mind is that large number of missing observations in the pollution data makes it harder to draw conclusions and provide concrete analysis. Hence, the initiative of building a Metro network helped improve the quality of air early 2005 onwards.

Regardless of how far-reaching and daunting the curbing of air quality in Delhi seems, the Indian government and the Supreme Court have taken great strides towards finding a solution. Although the disinterest and lack of structure and control by the Indian Government and the Supreme court in the 1980s and 1990s led to the worsening of the air quality, the supreme court made two major reformations 2000 onwards which lead to significant improvement in the air quality. The first reformation was the switch to compressed natural gas. The government demanded all the public and commercial transportation to switch to CNG, which was although initially economically inefficient but led to significant results; there was a decrease in CO, and SO2 concentrations but led to an increase in NO2. The second reformation was the introduction of metro. While there was a huge time lag associated, there was a decrease in vehicular pollution in Delhi. Significant improvements resulted as average of 42mg/m3 of Sulphur Dioxide in 1996 decreased to 18mg/m3 by 2005. The main problem is that there is only one Transport Corporation that manages the public transport in the city. Despite the improvements mentioned above, Delhi has a long way to go, as there is a correlation between increase in pollution and health problems. Increase in health problems also acts as an economical cost to the society. According to the study done by World Bank in 2005, in India, the cost of health impacts on account of air pollution were estimated to be $ 1,310 million. Further, the cost due to air pollution was estimated to be 14% of the total economy wide cost of environmental degradation. Currently, the government is starting an anti-smog campaign where monitors will measure emissions expelled by thousands of industrial chimneys in Delhi. Secondly, three industrialized states—Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu—are about to launch the world’s first market for trading permits in emissions of particulate matter. Indians may hope that the elected government fulfills its rightful role in protecting their environmental well-being.

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